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[文章作者:张宴 本文版本:v5.5 最后修改:2009.09.18 转载请注明原文链接:http://blog.zyan.cc/nginx_php_v5/]
前言:本文是我撰写的关于搭建“Nginx + PHP(FastCGI)”Web 服务器的第 5 篇文章。本系列文章作为国内最早详细介绍 Nginx + PHP 安装、配置、使用的资料之一,为推动 Nginx 在国内的发展产生了积极的作用。这是一篇关于 Nginx 0.7.x 系列版本的文章,安装、配置方式与第 4 篇文章相差不大,但增加了 MySQL 安装配置的信息、PHP 5.2.10 的 php-fpm 补丁。Nginx 0.7.x 系列版本虽然为开发版,但在很多大型网站的生产环境中已经使用。
链接:《2007 年 9 月的第 1 版》、《2007 年 12 月的第 2 版》、《2008 年 6 月的第 3 版》、《2008 年 8 月的第 4 版》
Nginx (“engine x”) 是一个高性能的 HTTP 和反向代理服务器,也是一个 IMAP/POP3/SMTP 代理服务器。Nginx 是由 Igor Sysoev 为俄罗斯访问量第二的 Rambler.ru 站点开发的,它已经在该站点运行超过两年半了。Igor 将源代码以类 BSD 许可证的形式发布。
Nginx 超越 Apache 的高性能和稳定性,使得国内使用 Nginx 作为 Web 服务器的网站也越来越多,其中包括新浪博客、新浪播客、网易新闻等门户网站频道,六间房、56.com 等视频分享网站,Discuz! 官方论坛、水木社区等知名论坛,豆瓣、YUPOO 相册、海内 SNS、迅雷在线等新兴 Web 2.0 网站。
Nginx 的官方中文维基:http://wiki.nginx.org/NginxChs
在高并发连接的情况下,Nginx 是 Apache 服务器不错的替代品。Nginx 同时也可以作为 7 层负载均衡服务器来使用。根据我的测试结果,Nginx 0.8.15 + PHP 5.2.10 (FastCGI) 可以承受 3 万以上的并发连接数,相当于同等环境下 Apache 的 10 倍。
根据我的经验,4GB 内存的服务器 +Apache(prefork 模式)一般只能处理 3000 个并发连接,因为它们将占用 3GB 以上的内存,还得为系统预留 1GB 的内存。我曾经就有两台 Apache 服务器,因为在配置文件中设置的 MaxClients 为 4000,当 Apache 并发连接数达到 3800 时,导致服务器内存和 Swap 空间用满而崩溃。
而这台 Nginx 0.8.15 + PHP 5.2.10 (FastCGI) 服务器在 3 万并发连接下,开启的 10 个 Nginx 进程消耗 150M 内存(15M*10=150M),开启的 64 个 php-cgi 进程消耗 1280M 内存(20M*64=1280M),加上系统自身消耗的内存,总共消耗不到 2GB 内存。如果服务器内存较小,完全可以只开启 25 个 php-cgi 进程,这样 php-cgi 消耗的总内存数才 500M。
在 3 万并发连接下,访问 Nginx 0.8.15 + PHP 5.2.10 (FastCGI) 服务器的 PHP 程序,仍然速度飞快。下图为 Nginx 的状态监控页面,显示的活动连接数为 28457(关于 Nginx 的监控页配置,会在本文接下来所给出的 Nginx 配置文件中写明):
我生产环境下的两台 Nginx + PHP5(FastCGI)服务器,跑多个一般复杂的纯 PHP 动态程序,单台 Nginx + PHP5(FastCGI)服务器跑 PHP 动态程序的处理能力已经超过“700 次请求 / 秒”,相当于每天可以承受 6000 万(700*60*60*24=60480000)的访问量(更多信息见此),而服务器的系统负载也不高:
2009 年 9 月 3 日下午 2:30,金山游戏《剑侠情缘网络版叁》临时维护 1 小时(http://kefu.xoyo.com/gonggao/jx3/2009-09-03/750438.shtml),大量玩家上官网,论坛、评论、客服等动态应用 Nginx 服务器集群,每台服务器的 Nginx 活动连接数达到 2.8 万,这是笔者遇到的 Nginx 生产环境最高并发值。
下面是用 100 个并发连接分别去压生产环境中同一负载均衡器 VIP 下、提供相同服务的两台服务器,一台为 Nginx,另一台为 Apache,Nginx 每秒处理的请求数是 Apache 的两倍多,Nginx 服务器的系统负载、CPU 使用率远低于 Apache:
你可以将连接数开到 10000~30000,去压 Nginx 和 Apache 上的 phpinfo.php,这是用浏览器访问 Nginx 上的 phpinfo.php 一切正常,而访问 Apache 服务器的 phpinfo.php,则是该页无法显示。4G 内存的服务器,即使再优化,Apache 也很难在“webbench -c 30000 -t 60 http://xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx/phpinfo.php”的压力情况下正常访问,而调整参数优化后的 Nginx 可以。
webbench 下载地址:http://blog.zyan.cc/post/288/
注意:webbench 做压力测试时,该软件自身也会消耗 CPU 和内存资源,为了测试准确,请将 webbench 安装在别的服务器上。
测试结果:##### Nginx + PHP #####
Webbench – Simple Web Benchmark 1.5
Copyright (c) Radim Kolar 1997-2004, GPL Open Source Software.Benchmarking: GET http://192.168.1.21/phpinfo.php
100 clients, running 30 sec.Speed=102450 pages/min, 16490596 bytes/sec.
Requests: 51225 susceed, 0 failed.top – 14:06:13 up 27 days, 2:25, 2 users, load average: 14.57, 9.89, 6.51
Tasks: 287 total, 4 running, 283 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 49.9% us, 6.7% sy, 0.0% ni, 41.4% id, 1.1% wa, 0.1% hi, 0.8% si
Mem: 6230016k total, 2959468k used, 3270548k free, 635992k buffers
Swap: 2031608k total, 3696k used, 2027912k free, 1231444k cached
测试结果:##### Apache + PHP #####
Webbench – Simple Web Benchmark 1.5
Copyright (c) Radim Kolar 1997-2004, GPL Open Source Software.Benchmarking: GET http://192.168.1.27/phpinfo.php
100 clients, running 30 sec.Speed=42184 pages/min, 31512914 bytes/sec.
Requests: 21092 susceed, 0 failed.top – 14:06:20 up 27 days, 2:13, 2 users, load average: 62.15, 26.36, 13.42
Tasks: 318 total, 7 running, 310 sleeping, 0 stopped, 1 zombie
Cpu(s): 80.4% us, 10.6% sy, 0.0% ni, 7.9% id, 0.1% wa, 0.1% hi, 0.9% si
Mem: 6230016k total, 3075948k used, 3154068k free, 379896k buffers
Swap: 2031608k total, 12592k used, 2019016k free, 1117868k cached
为什么 Nginx 的性能要比 Apache 高得多?这得益于 Nginx 使用了最新的 epoll(Linux 2.6 内核)和 kqueue(freebsd)网络 I / O 模型,而 Apache 则使用的是传统的 select 模型。目前 Linux 下能够承受高并发访问的 Squid、Memcached 都采用的是 epoll 网络 I / O 模型。
处理大量的连接的读写,Apache 所采用的 select 网络 I / O 模型非常低效。下面用一个比喻来解析 Apache 采用的 select 模型和 Nginx 采用的 epoll 模型进行之间的区别:
假设你在大学读书,住的宿舍楼有很多间房间,你的朋友要来找你。select 版宿管大妈就会带着你的朋友挨个房间去找,直到找到你为止。而 epoll 版宿管大妈会先记下每位同学的房间号,你的朋友来时,只需告诉你的朋友你住在哪个房间即可,不用亲自带着你的朋友满大楼找人。如果来了 10000 个人,都要找自己住这栋楼的同学时,select 版和 epoll 版宿管大妈,谁的效率更高,不言自明。同理,在高并发服务器中,轮询 I / O 是最耗时间的操作之一,select 和 epoll 的性能谁的性能更高,同样十分明了。
安装步骤:
(系统要求:Linux 2.6+ 内核,本文中的 Linux 操作系统为 CentOS 5.3,另在 RedHat AS4 上也安装成功)
一、获取相关开源程序:
1、【适用 CentOS 操作系统】利用 CentOS Linux 系统自带的 yum 命令安装、升级所需的程序库(RedHat 等其他 Linux 发行版可从安装光盘中找到这些程序库的 RPM 包,进行安装):
LANG=C
yum -y install gcc gcc-c++ autoconf libjpeg libjpeg-devel libpng libpng-devel freetype freetype-devel libxml2 libxml2-devel zlib zlib-devel glibc glibc-devel glib2 glib2-devel bzip2 bzip2-devel ncurses ncurses-devel curl curl-devel e2fsprogs e2fsprogs-devel krb5 krb5-devel libidn libidn-devel openssl openssl-devel openldap openldap-devel nss_ldap openldap-clients openldap-servers
2、【适用 RedHat 操作系统】RedHat 等其他 Linux 发行版可从安装光盘中找到这些程序库的 RPM 包(事先可通过类似“rpm -qa | grep libjpeg”的命令查看所需的 RPM 包是否存在,通常是“xxx-devel”不存在,需要安装)。RedHat 可以直接利用 CentOS 的 RPM 包安装,以下是 RPM 包下载网址:
①、RedHat AS4 & CentOS 4
http://mirrors.163.com/centos/4/os/i386/CentOS/RPMS/
http://mirrors.163.com/centos/4/os/x86_64/CentOS/RPMS/
②、RedHat AS5 & CentOS 5
http://mirrors.163.com/centos/5/os/i386/CentOS/
http://mirrors.163.com/centos/5/os/x86_64/CentOS/
③、RPM 包搜索网站
http://rpm.pbone.net/
http://www.rpmfind.net/
④、RedHat AS4 系统环境,通常情况下缺少的支持包安装:
Ⅰ、i386 系统
rpm -ivh libjpeg-devel-6b-33.i386.rpm
wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/i386/freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.i386.rpm
rpm -ivh freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.i386.rpm
wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/i386/libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.i386.rpm
rpm -ivh libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.i386.rpm
Ⅱ、x86_64 系统
rpm -ivh libjpeg-devel-6b-33.x86_64.rpm
wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/x86_64/freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.x86_64.rpm
wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/x86_64/libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.x86_64.rpm
3、【适用 CentOS、RedHat 及其它 Linux 操作系统】下载程序源码包:
本文中提到的所有开源软件为截止到 2009 年 09 月 18 日的最新稳定版。
①、从软件的官方网站下载:
cd /data0/software
wget http://sysoev.ru/nginx/nginx-0.8.15.tar.gz
wget http://www.php.net/get/php-5.2.10.tar.gz/from/this/mirror
wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/phpfpm/php-5.2.10-fpm-0.5.11.diff.gz
wget http://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloads/MySQL-5.1/mysql-5.1.38.tar.gz/from/http://mysql.he.net/
wget http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/libiconv/libiconv-1.13.tar.gz
wget “http://downloads.sourceforge.net/mcrypt/libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.gz?modtime=1171868460&big_mirror=0”
wget “http://downloads.sourceforge.net/mcrypt/mcrypt-2.6.8.tar.gz?modtime=1194463373&big_mirror=0”
wget http://pecl.php.net/get/memcache-2.2.5.tgz
wget “http://downloads.sourceforge.net/mhash/mhash-0.9.9.9.tar.gz?modtime=1175740843&big_mirror=0”
wget ftp://ftp.csx.cam.ac.uk/pub/software/programming/pcre/pcre-7.9.tar.gz
wget http://bart.eaccelerator.net/source/0.9.5.3/eaccelerator-0.9.5.3.tar.bz2
wget http://pecl.php.net/get/PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2.tgz
wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/imagick/ImageMagick.tar.gz
wget http://pecl.php.net/get/imagick-2.2.2.tgz
②、从 blog.zyan.cc 下载(比较稳定,只允许在本站,或者在 Linux/Unix 下通过 Wget、Curl 等命令下载以下软件):
cd /data0/software
wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/nginx/nginx-0.8.15.tar.gz
wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/php/php-5.2.10.tar.gz
wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/phpfpm/php-5.2.10-fpm-0.5.11.diff.gz
wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/mysql/mysql-5.1.38.tar.gz
wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/libiconv/libiconv-1.13.tar.gz
wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/mcrypt/libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.gz
wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/mcrypt/mcrypt-2.6.8.tar.gz
wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/memcache/memcache-2.2.5.tgz
wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/mhash/mhash-0.9.9.9.tar.gz
wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/pcre/pcre-7.9.tar.gz
wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/eaccelerator/eaccelerator-0.9.5.3.tar.bz2
wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/pdo/PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2.tgz
wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/imagick/ImageMagick.tar.gz
wget http://blog.zyan.cc/soft/linux/nginx_php/imagick/imagick-2.2.2.tgz
二、安装 PHP 5.2.10(FastCGI 模式)
1、编译安装 PHP 5.2.10 所需的支持库:
cd libiconv-1.13/
./configure –prefix=/usr/local
make
make install
cd ../tar zxvf libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.gz
cd libmcrypt-2.5.8/
./configure
make
make install
/sbin/ldconfig
cd libltdl/
./configure –enable-ltdl-install
make
make install
cd ../../tar zxvf mhash-0.9.9.9.tar.gz
cd mhash-0.9.9.9/
./configure
make
make install
cd ../ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.la /usr/lib/libmcrypt.la
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.so /usr/lib/libmcrypt.so
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.so.4 /usr/lib/libmcrypt.so.4
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.so.4.4.8 /usr/lib/libmcrypt.so.4.4.8
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.a /usr/lib/libmhash.a
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.la /usr/lib/libmhash.la
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so /usr/lib/libmhash.so
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so.2 /usr/lib/libmhash.so.2
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so.2.0.1 /usr/lib/libmhash.so.2.0.1tar zxvf mcrypt-2.6.8.tar.gz
cd mcrypt-2.6.8/
/sbin/ldconfig
./configure
make
make install
cd ../
2、编译安装 MySQL 5.1.38
/usr/sbin/useradd -g mysql mysql
tar zxvf mysql-5.1.38.tar.gz
cd mysql-5.1.38/
./configure –prefix=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/ –enable-assembler –with-extra-charsets=complex –enable-thread-safe-client –with-big-tables –with-readline –with-ssl –with-embedded-server –enable-local-infile –with-plugins=innobase
make && make install
chmod +w /usr/local/webserver/mysql
chown -R mysql:mysql /usr/local/webserver/mysql
cd ../
附:以下为附加步骤,如果你想在这台服务器上运行 MySQL 数据库,则执行以下两步。如果你只是希望让 PHP 支持 MySQL 扩展库,能够连接其他服务器上的 MySQL 数据库,那么,以下两步无需执行。
①、创建 MySQL 数据库存放目录
chown -R mysql:mysql /data0/mysql/
②、以 mysql 用户帐号的身份建立数据表:
③、创建 my.cnf 配置文件:
输入以下内容:
default-character-set = utf8
port = 3306
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock[mysql]
prompt=”(\u:blog.zyan.cc:)[\d]> ”
no-auto-rehash[mysqld]
#default-character-set = utf8
user = mysql
port = 3306
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
basedir = /usr/local/webserver/mysql
datadir = /data0/mysql/3306/data
open_files_limit = 10240
back_log = 600
max_connections = 3000
max_connect_errors = 6000
table_cache = 614
external-locking = FALSE
max_allowed_packet = 32M
sort_buffer_size = 2M
join_buffer_size = 2M
thread_cache_size = 300
thread_concurrency = 8
query_cache_size = 32M
query_cache_limit = 2M
query_cache_min_res_unit = 2k
default-storage-engine = MyISAM
default_table_type = MyISAM
thread_stack = 192K
transaction_isolation = READ-COMMITTED
tmp_table_size = 246M
max_heap_table_size = 246M
long_query_time = 1
log_long_format
log-bin = /data0/mysql/3306/binlog
binlog_cache_size = 4M
binlog_format = MIXED
max_binlog_cache_size = 8M
max_binlog_size = 512M
expire_logs_days = 7
key_buffer_size = 256M
read_buffer_size = 1M
read_rnd_buffer_size = 16M
bulk_insert_buffer_size = 64M
myisam_sort_buffer_size = 128M
myisam_max_sort_file_size = 10G
myisam_max_extra_sort_file_size = 10G
myisam_repair_threads = 1
myisam_recoverskip-name-resolve
master-connect-retry = 10
slave-skip-errors = 1032,1062,126,1114,1146,1048,1396server-id = 1innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 16M
innodb_buffer_pool_size = 2048M
innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:1024M:autoextend
innodb_file_io_threads = 4
innodb_thread_concurrency = 8
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2
innodb_log_buffer_size = 16M
innodb_log_file_size = 128M
innodb_log_files_in_group = 3
innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct = 90
innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 120
innodb_file_per_table = 0
[mysqldump]
quick
max_allowed_packet = 32M
④、创建管理 MySQL 数据库的 shell 脚本:
输入以下内容(这里的用户名 admin 和密码 12345678 接下来的步骤会创建):
- #!/bin/sh
- mysql_port=3306
- mysql_username=“admin”
- mysql_password=“12345678”
- function_start_mysql()
- {
- printf “Starting MySQL…\n”
- /bin/sh /usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe –defaults-file=/data0/mysql/${mysql_port}/my.cnf 2>&1 > /dev/null &
- }
- function_stop_mysql()
- {
- printf “Stoping MySQL…\n”
- /usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -u ${mysql_username} -p${mysql_password} -S /tmp/mysql.sock shutdown
- }
- function_restart_mysql()
- {
- printf “Restarting MySQL…\n”
- function_stop_mysql
- sleep 5
- function_start_mysql
- }
- function_kill_mysql()
- {
- kill -9 $(ps -ef | grep ‘bin/mysqld_safe’ | grep ${mysql_port} | awk ‘{printf $2}’)
- kill -9 $(ps -ef | grep ‘libexec/mysqld’ | grep ${mysql_port} | awk ‘{printf $2}’)
- }
- if [“$1” = “start” ]; then
- function_start_mysql
- elif [“$1” = “stop” ]; then
- function_stop_mysql
- elif [“$1” = “restart” ]; then
- function_restart_mysql
- elif [“$1” = “kill” ]; then
- function_kill_mysql
- else
- printf “Usage: /data0/mysql/${mysql_port}/mysql {start|stop|restart|kill}\n”
- fi
⑤、赋予 shell 脚本可执行权限:
⑥、启动 MySQL:
⑦、通过命令行登录管理 MySQL 服务器(提示输入密码时直接回车):
⑧、输入以下 SQL 语句,创建一个具有 root 权限的用户(admin)和密码(12345678):
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO ‘admin’@’127.0.0.1’ IDENTIFIED BY ‘12345678’;
⑨、(可选)停止 MySQL:
3、编译安装 PHP(FastCGI 模式)
gzip -cd php-5.2.10-fpm-0.5.11.diff.gz | patch -d php-5.2.10 -p1
cd php-5.2.10/
./configure –prefix=/usr/local/webserver/php –with-config-file-path=/usr/local/webserver/php/etc –with-mysql=/usr/local/webserver/mysql –with-mysqli=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysql_config –with-iconv-dir=/usr/local –with-freetype-dir –with-jpeg-dir –with-png-dir –with-zlib –with-libxml-dir=/usr –enable-xml –disable-rpath –enable-discard-path –enable-safe-mode –enable-bcmath –enable-shmop –enable-sysvsem –enable-inline-optimization –with-curl –with-curlwrappers –enable-mbregex –enable-fastcgi –enable-fpm –enable-force-cgi-redirect –enable-mbstring –with-mcrypt –with-gd –enable-gd-native-ttf –with-openssl –with-mhash –enable-pcntl –enable-sockets –with-ldap –with-ldap-sasl –with-xmlrpc –enable-zip –enable-soap –without-pear
make ZEND_EXTRA_LIBS=’-liconv’
make install
cp php.ini-dist /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
cd ../
curl http://pear.php.net/go-pear | /usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php
4、编译安装 PHP5 扩展模块
cd memcache-2.2.5/
/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize
./configure –with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config
make
make install
cd ../tar jxvf eaccelerator-0.9.5.3.tar.bz2
cd eaccelerator-0.9.5.3/
/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize
./configure –enable-eaccelerator=shared –with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config
make
make install
cd ../tar zxvf PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2.tgz
cd PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2/
/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize
./configure –with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config –with-pdo-mysql=/usr/local/webserver/mysql
make
make install
cd ../tar zxvf ImageMagick.tar.gz
cd ImageMagick-6.5.1-2/
./configure
make
make install
cd ../tar zxvf imagick-2.2.2.tgz
cd imagick-2.2.2/
/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize
./configure –with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config
make
make install
cd ../
5、修改 php.ini 文件
手工修改:查找 /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini 中的 extension_dir = “./”
修改为 extension_dir = “/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/”
并在此行后增加以下几行,然后保存:
extension = “memcache.so”
extension = “pdo_mysql.so”
extension = “imagick.so”
再查找 output_buffering = Off
修改为 output_buffering = On
自动修改:若嫌手工修改麻烦,可执行以下 shell 命令,自动完成对 php.ini 文件的修改:
sed -i ‘s#output_buffering = Off#output_buffering = On#’ /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
sed -i “s#; always_populate_raw_post_data = On#always_populate_raw_post_data = On#g” /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
6、配置 eAccelerator 加速 PHP:
vi /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
按 shift+ g 键跳到配置文件的最末尾,加上以下配置信息:
zend_extension=”/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/eaccelerator.so”
eaccelerator.shm_size=”64″
eaccelerator.cache_dir=”/usr/local/webserver/eaccelerator_cache”
eaccelerator.enable=”1″
eaccelerator.optimizer=”1″
eaccelerator.check_mtime=”1″
eaccelerator.debug=”0″
eaccelerator.filter=””
eaccelerator.shm_max=”0″
eaccelerator.shm_ttl=”3600″
eaccelerator.shm_prune_period=”3600″
eaccelerator.shm_only=”0″
eaccelerator.compress=”1″
eaccelerator.compress_level=”9″
7、创建 www 用户和组,以及供 blog.zyan.cc 和 www.zyan.cc 两个虚拟主机使用的目录:
/usr/sbin/useradd -g www www
mkdir -p /data0/htdocs/blog
chmod +w /data0/htdocs/blog
chown -R www:www /data0/htdocs/blog
mkdir -p /data0/htdocs/www
chmod +w /data0/htdocs/www
chown -R www:www /data0/htdocs/www
8、创建 php-fpm 配置文件(php-fpm 是为 PHP 打的一个 FastCGI 管理补丁,可以平滑变更 php.ini 配置而无需重启 php-cgi):
在 /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/ 目录中创建 php-fpm.conf 文件:
vi /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php-fpm.conf
输入以下内容(如果您安装 Nginx + PHP 用于程序调试,请将以下的 <value name=”display_errors”>0</value> 改为 <value name=”display_errors”>1</value>,以便显示 PHP 错误信息,否则,Nginx 会报状态为 500 的空白错误页):
- <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
- <configuration>
- All relative paths in this config are relative to php’s install prefix
- <section name=“global_options”>
- Pid file
- <value name=“pid_file”>/usr/local/webserver/php/logs/php-fpm.pid</value>
- Error log file
- <value name=“error_log”>/usr/local/webserver/php/logs/php-fpm.log</value>
- Log level
- <value name=“log_level”>notice</value>
- When this amount of php processes exited with SIGSEGV or SIGBUS …
- <value name=“emergency_restart_threshold”>10</value>
- … in a less than this interval of time, a graceful restart will be initiated.
- Useful to work around accidental curruptions in accelerator’s shared memory.
- <value name=“emergency_restart_interval”>1m</value>
- Time limit on waiting child’s reaction on signals from master
- <value name=“process_control_timeout”>5s</value>
- Set to ‘no’ to debug fpm
- <value name=“daemonize”>yes</value>
- </section>
- <workers>
- <section name=“pool”>
- Name of pool. Used in logs and stats.
- <value name=“name”>default</value>
- Address to accept fastcgi requests on.
- Valid syntax is ‘ip.ad.re.ss:port’ or just ‘port’ or ‘/path/to/unix/socket’
- <value name=“listen_address”>127.0.0.1:9000</value>
- <value name=“listen_options”>
- Set listen(2) backlog
- <value name=“backlog”>-1</value>
- Set permissions for unix socket, if one used.
- In Linux read/write permissions must be set in order to allow connections from web server.
- Many BSD-derrived systems allow connections regardless of permissions.
- <value name=“owner”></value>
- <value name=“group”></value>
- <value name=“mode”>0666</value>
- </value>
- Additional php.ini defines, specific to this pool of workers.
- <value name=“php_defines”>
- <value name=“sendmail_path”>/usr/sbin/sendmail -t -i</value>
- <value name=“display_errors”>1</value>
- </value>
- Unix user of processes
- <value name=“user”>www</value>
- Unix group of processes
- <value name=“group”>www</value>
- Process manager settings
- <value name=“pm”>
- Sets style of controling worker process count.
- Valid values are ‘static’ and ‘apache-like’
- <value name=“style”>static</value>
- Sets the limit on the number of simultaneous requests that will be served.
- Equivalent to Apache MaxClients directive.
- Equivalent to PHP_FCGI_CHILDREN environment in original php.fcgi
- Used with any pm_style.
- <value name=“max_children”>128</value>
- Settings group for ‘apache-like’ pm style
- <value name=“apache_like”>
- Sets the number of server processes created on startup.
- Used only when ‘apache-like’ pm_style is selected
- <value name=“StartServers”>20</value>
- Sets the desired minimum number of idle server processes.
- Used only when ‘apache-like’ pm_style is selected
- <value name=“MinSpareServers”>5</value>
- Sets the desired maximum number of idle server processes.
- Used only when ‘apache-like’ pm_style is selected
- <value name=“MaxSpareServers”>35</value>
- </value>
- </value>
- The timeout (in seconds) for serving a single request after which the worker process will be terminated
- Should be used when ‘max_execution_time’ ini option does not stop script execution for some reason
- ‘0s’ means ‘off’
- <value name=“request_terminate_timeout”>0s</value>
- The timeout (in seconds) for serving of single request after which a php backtrace will be dumped to slow.log file
- ‘0s’ means ‘off’
- <value name=“request_slowlog_timeout”>0s</value>
- The log file for slow requests
- <value name=“slowlog”>logs/slow.log</value>
- Set open file desc rlimit
- <value name=“rlimit_files”>65535</value>
- Set max core size rlimit
- <value name=“rlimit_core”>0</value>
- Chroot to this directory at the start, absolute path
- <value name=“chroot”></value>
- Chdir to this directory at the start, absolute path
- <value name=“chdir”></value>
- Redirect workers’ stdout and stderr into main error log.
- If not set, they will be redirected to /dev/null, according to FastCGI specs
- <value name=“catch_workers_output”>yes</value>
- How much requests each process should execute before respawn.
- Useful to work around memory leaks in 3rd party libraries.
- For endless request processing please specify 0
- Equivalent to PHP_FCGI_MAX_REQUESTS
- <value name=“max_requests”>102400</value>
- Comma separated list of ipv4 addresses of FastCGI clients that allowed to connect.
- Equivalent to FCGI_WEB_SERVER_ADDRS environment in original php.fcgi (5.2.2+)
- Makes sense only with AF_INET listening socket.
- <value name=“allowed_clients”>127.0.0.1</value>
- Pass environment variables like LD_LIBRARY_PATH
- All $VARIABLEs are taken from current environment
- <value name=“environment”>
- <value name=“HOSTNAME”>$HOSTNAME</value>
- <value name=“PATH”>/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin</value>
- <value name=“TMP”>/tmp</value>
- <value name=“TMPDIR”>/tmp</value>
- <value name=“TEMP”>/tmp</value>
- <value name=“OSTYPE”>$OSTYPE</value>
- <value name=“MACHTYPE”>$MACHTYPE</value>
- <value name=“MALLOC_CHECK_”>2</value>
- </value>
- </section>
- </workers>
- </configuration>
9、启动 php-cgi 进程,监听 127.0.0.1 的 9000 端口,进程数为 200(如果服务器内存小于 3GB,可以只开启 64 个进程),用户为 www:
/usr/local/webserver/php/sbin/php-fpm start
注:/usr/local/webserver/php/sbin/php-fpm 还有其他参数,包括:start|stop|quit|restart|reload|logrotate,修改 php.ini 后不重启 php-cgi,重新加载配置文件使用 reload。
三、安装 Nginx 0.8.15
1、安装 Nginx 所需的 pcre 库:
cd pcre-7.9/
./configure
make && make install
cd ../
2、安装 Nginx
cd nginx-0.8.15/
./configure –user=www –group=www –prefix=/usr/local/webserver/nginx –with-http_stub_status_module –with-http_ssl_module
make && make install
cd ../
3、创建 Nginx 日志目录
chmod +w /data1/logs
chown -R www:www /data1/logs
4、创建 Nginx 配置文件
①、在 /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/ 目录中创建 nginx.conf 文件:
vi /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
输入以下内容:
user www www;
worker_processes 8;
error_log /data1/logs/nginx_error.log crit;
pid /usr/local/webserver/nginx/nginx.pid;
#Specifies the value for maximum file descriptors that can be opened by this process.
worker_rlimit_nofile 65535;
events
{
use epoll;
worker_connections 65535;
}
http
{
include mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
#charset gb2312;
server_names_hash_bucket_size 128;
client_header_buffer_size 32k;
large_client_header_buffers 4 32k;
client_max_body_size 8m;
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
keepalive_timeout 60;
tcp_nodelay on;
fastcgi_connect_timeout 300;
fastcgi_send_timeout 300;
fastcgi_read_timeout 300;
fastcgi_buffer_size 64k;
fastcgi_buffers 4 64k;
fastcgi_busy_buffers_size 128k;
fastcgi_temp_file_write_size 128k;
gzip on;
gzip_min_length 1k;
gzip_buffers 4 16k;
gzip_http_version 1.0;
gzip_comp_level 2;
gzip_types text/plain application/x-javascript text/css application/xml;
gzip_vary on;
#limit_zone crawler $binary_remote_addr 10m;
server
{
listen 80;
server_name blog.zyan.cc;
index index.html index.htm index.php;
root /data0/htdocs/blog;
#limit_conn crawler 20;
location ~ .*\.(php|php5)?$
{
#fastcgi_pass unix:/tmp/php-cgi.sock;
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_index index.php;
include fcgi.conf;
}
location ~ .*\.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png|bmp|swf)$
{
expires 30d;
}
location ~ .*\.(js|css)?$
{
expires 1h;
}
log_format access ‘$remote_addr – $remote_user [$time_local] “$request” ‘
‘$status $body_bytes_sent “$http_referer” ‘
‘”$http_user_agent” $http_x_forwarded_for’;
access_log /data1/logs/access.log access;
}
server
{
listen 80;
server_name www.zyan.cc;
index index.html index.htm index.php;
root /data0/htdocs/www;
location ~ .*\.(php|php5)?$
{
#fastcgi_pass unix:/tmp/php-cgi.sock;
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_index index.php;
include fcgi.conf;
}
log_format wwwlogs ‘$remote_addr – $remote_user [$time_local] “$request” ‘
‘$status $body_bytes_sent “$http_referer” ‘
‘”$http_user_agent” $http_x_forwarded_for’;
access_log /data1/logs/wwwlogs.log wwwlogs;
}
server
{
listen 80;
server_name status.blog.zyan.cc;
location / {
stub_status on;
access_log off;
}
}
}
②、在 /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/ 目录中创建 fcgi.conf 文件:
输入以下内容:
fastcgi_param SERVER_SOFTWARE nginx;fastcgi_param QUERY_STRING $query_string;
fastcgi_param REQUEST_METHOD $request_method;
fastcgi_param CONTENT_TYPE $content_type;
fastcgi_param CONTENT_LENGTH $content_length;fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_NAME $fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param REQUEST_URI $request_uri;
fastcgi_param DOCUMENT_URI $document_uri;
fastcgi_param DOCUMENT_ROOT $document_root;
fastcgi_param SERVER_PROTOCOL $server_protocol;fastcgi_param REMOTE_ADDR $remote_addr;
fastcgi_param REMOTE_PORT $remote_port;
fastcgi_param SERVER_ADDR $server_addr;
fastcgi_param SERVER_PORT $server_port;
fastcgi_param SERVER_NAME $server_name;# PHP only, required if PHP was built with –enable-force-cgi-redirect
fastcgi_param REDIRECT_STATUS 200;
5、启动 Nginx
/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx
四、配置开机自动启动 Nginx + PHP
在末尾增加以下内容:
/usr/local/webserver/php/sbin/php-fpm start
/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx
五、优化 Linux 内核参数
在末尾增加以下内容:
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 65536
net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 32768
net.core.somaxconn = 32768net.core.wmem_default = 8388608
net.core.rmem_default = 8388608
net.core.rmem_max = 16777216
net.core.wmem_max = 16777216net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 0
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 2
net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 2net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1
#net.ipv4.tcp_tw_len = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 94500000 915000000 927000000
net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 3276800#net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 30
#net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 120
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65535
使配置立即生效:
六、在不停止 Nginx 服务的情况下平滑变更 Nginx 配置
1、修改 /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf 配置文件后,请执行以下命令检查配置文件是否正确:
如果屏幕显示以下两行信息,说明配置文件正确:
the configuration file /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
the configuration file /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf was tested successfully
2、这时,输入以下命令查看 Nginx 主进程号:
屏幕显示的即为 Nginx 主进程号,例如:
6302
这时,执行以下命令即可使修改过的 Nginx 配置文件生效:
或者无需这么麻烦,找到 Nginx 的 Pid 文件:
七、编写每天定时切割 Nginx 日志的脚本
1、创建脚本 /usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/cut_nginx_log.sh
输入以下内容:
# This script run at 00:00# The Nginx logs path
logs_path=”/usr/local/webserver/nginx/logs/”mkdir -p ${logs_path}$(date -d “yesterday” +”%Y”)/$(date -d “yesterday” +”%m”)/
mv ${logs_path}access.log ${logs_path}$(date -d “yesterday” +”%Y”)/$(date -d “yesterday” +”%m”)/access_$(date -d “yesterday” +”%Y%m%d”).log
kill -USR1 `cat /usr/local/webserver/nginx/nginx.pid`
2、设置 crontab,每天凌晨 00:00 切割 nginx 访问日志
输入以下内容: